The Burning Of Biomass And The Resulting Emissions

national borders. The burning of biomass and the resulting emissions are contributing to global climate change. In particular, the incomplete and inefficient combustion by traditional cook stoves releases greenhouse gases including carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and methane into the atmosphere (Kees and Lisa, 2011). Meanwhile, other organic compounds and particulate matter from biomass combustion contribute to local and regional air pollution. Developing nations have sought to escape environmental ruin through the expanded use of energy efficient and renewable technologies. Ethiopia’s renewable energy potential is considerable, with abundant biomass efficiency, biogas, solar, hydropower, wind, and geothermal possibilities available (Forum†¦show more content†¦2.1.6. Importance of wind farm Furthermore, in the world that has become increasingly concerned about climate change caused by the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from burning fossil fuels, a particular emphasis has been placed on renewable sources. A Fuzzy Approach For Modeling Potential Wind Farm Areas: A Case Of Hitosa Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia 2015/16 Ebisa Tesfaye Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics stream, AAU Page 10 During the global move towards cleaner and greener electricity and to reduce the cost of electricity, developers are looking more favorably at renewable energy projects, especially wind energy. Modern electricity generating grid connected wind turbines constitute a promising technology, to supplement hydropower, especially because the correlation of wind resource and hydrology availability is very good (EREDPC, 2007). 2.2. Wind energy resource potential in Ethiopia The total wind resource of Ethiopia is estimated to be 20.064 TJ/year; however, a significant amount of it had not been used yet throughout the country (Ramayya et al., 2007). As the study of Woldeghiorgis Weldesenbet (1988) there are few promising windy areas in Ethiopian located alongside the main East African Rift Valley, the Northern Eastern escarpment of the country near Tigray regional state, the Southern part of Ethiopia near the Kenyan boarder, the central and eastern part of Ethiopian specially south east of the Somalia region. AreasShow MoreRelatedBiomass Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pagesresidue biomass is highly recommended as clean and renewable sources of energy that increases the possibility of replacing the consumption of conventional energy fossil fuels. 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Wood, Biomass, Peat, Lignite, Bituminous coal, Anthracite, Coke, Briquettes etc. are some types of solid fuels Liquid fuels: Mechanically energy can be generated by harnessing liquid fuels which are combustible; they also take the shape of their container andRead MoreWhat Is Carbon Capture And Storage Technology?908 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is carbon capture and storage technology? [14][1][2][3][11] It is a technology which involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the burning fossil fuels in electricity generation and energy intensive industrial processes, transporting it and geologically storing it to prevent the carbon dioxide from spreading to the atmosphere. Carbon capture technology can recover up to 90% of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted [1]. The process of CCS consists of three parts: (CaptureRead MoreAir Pollution Is Responsible For The Deaths Of More Than 7 Million People Globally1300 Words   |  6 Pagescategories: anthropogenic or manmade sources and natural causes. The natural causes usually play into effect in small-scale and therefore account for 5% of pollution. Some of the natural causes of air pollution include volcanicity, dust, methane emission, smoke and vegetation. Specifically, volcanicity produces and emits chlorine, sulfur and ash particles into the atmosphere. Dust from natural resources also emits itself into the environment, particularly in large tracts of land that have littleRead MoreHow Bad For The Environment Is Burning Wood On Fire1131 Words   |  5 PagesHOW BAD FOR THE ENVIRONMENT IS BURNING WOOD ON A FIRE Burning wood on fire when done inappropriately can have adverse environmental effects or concerns as stipulated below; Carbon Footprint A carbon footprint refers to the amount of carbon a particular activity (in this case wood burning) subtracts or adds to the environment. With regards to carbon, burning wood on fire has almost neutral effects. This is due to the fact that trees remove carbon from the environment as they grow. When they are burnt

King Tut s Death Mask And The Statues Of Rameses

Once towering, but now slowly crumbling pyramids grace the horizon, bejeweled and dusty royal mummies lay buried and forgotten by the sands of time, and mysterious and often strangely heroic murals intertwined with a scattering of hieroglyphics sprawl across the walls of tombs and temples alike. These are the only evidence left of a once vast empire that is rapidly falling into disrepair as its already decrepit state grows worse. However, the current state of ancient Egypt does not curb the curiosity of adventure seekers looking to peek into a diminished era; today, a multitude of onlookers wander through the glorious yet now empty tombs that once held ancient Egypt’s elite. Millions more in museums around the world peer through the glass enclosing the precious jewels, fragmented pottery and statues, and frayed and often threadbare garments that before adorned peasant and monarch alike. Nevertheless, it is the fascinating intricacies and myths surrounding pieces such as King T ut’s death mask and the statues of Rameses the Great that still grip one with awe and leave lingering unanswered questions behind. What was Egypt like during the reign of each of these age-old monarchs? Even more so, what traits and morals did each hold that wove legacies characterized with such vivid larger than life personas of each, yet above all else, how could one pharaoh inscribe his story in our hearts as to ensure an enduring image even after his death? Pharaoh Ramses the Great

Facultative Mutualism free essay sample

All around me casual conversation abounds, but I am too distracted to take part in it. Instead my eyes are trained on the white sheet of paper in front of me. I glance up for a moment to see a sea of desks topped with papers identical to my own. The teacher circles back to the front of the room, having finished her task, immediately commanding my attention. â€Å"Take the rest of class to discuss your answers with your neighbor,† she says to the class before returning to her desk. I continue to silently stare at the face-down paper in front of me until someone nudges me. I look over to see a face similar to my own staring back at me, that of my twin sister Raven. â€Å"Are you going to look at what you got any time soon?† she inquires, flashing her characteristic smirk. â€Å"I will as soon as you do,† I simply reply. We will write a custom essay sample on Facultative Mutualism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"On three then,† she counters. We count together, â€Å"one†¦.two†¦.three!† I suck in a deep breath, as if I am about to plunge into the deepest ocean, and flip the paper over. 97. Victory seems within reach.; â€Å"How did you do?† I innocently inquire. She checks my grade first before replying â€Å"Well, I got two more points than you did so if the math isn’t too complicated for you it comes out to 99.† I shrug off her insult by responding, â€Å"Yeah well I beat you by three points last week.† The bell cuts our quarrel short as we exit Mrs. Cocchi’s Pre-Calculus classroom. For as long as I can remember, Raven and I have been in constant competition. When she received the Spanish Subject Mastery award I worked to earn the French Subject Mastery award and when I obtained the Wellesley Book Award she countered with the honorable Harvard Book Award. My competition with her is a major factor in my academic success, and I often wonder if I depend too much on her. Without her, would I have spent that extra hour studying or revising my papers? I ultimately decided that our relationship is best described as facultative mutualism – a symbiotic relationship in which two organisms benefit from their interaction with one other, but neither requires it to survive. I now believe that both of us can easily excel in our classes without the other. However, our competition has encouraged us to push our limits and better ourselves in ways that we could not have accomplished alone. As we get ready to depart for college and set off on separate paths, old insecurities wash away with the tide. I know that I can thrive in the college atmosphere without being in the same classes as Raven. All I need to do is remember our relationship: facultative mutualism. We both know the other will never settle for second best, and will be putting in the same effort to ensure the fruition of our goals. One thing is for sure, the first thing I will do after every exam is call Raven up and, on the count of three, we will compare scores. When that time comes, I count on being the one with the smirk on my face.

Issues and Ideas of Polygamy by Aisha B. Lemu free essay sample

Issues and ideas of Polygamy by Aisha B. Lemu In the essay of Defense of Polygamy by the british, feminist, activist and writer Aisha B. Lemu, explains why polygamy could be a great solution for many women without partners or for many women with partners but with difficulties in their relations. She explain why because of the large numbers of men dying in war, and others violent confrontation groups, a huge group of widows, fiances, and women in general, have left alone without any protection for themselves or their children. The quantities in general of men in these days are low and have left a large group of women alone with no or difficult chances to get married or have a partner. ?Therefore, she states that most of women rather believe in sharing a man that not having any at all. And even more if the political laws of the country establish an obligation toward the second, third or fourth wife and their respective children, making a responsible way of supporting the rights of the woman. We will write a custom essay sample on Issues and Ideas of Polygamy by Aisha B. Lemu or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For me this first demonstration makes a logical reason, but not the answer for a truly right solution. I dont think polygamy is the true unique solution for the uniformity of our era. I think the true problem here is the violence and misunderstanding that we had made with each other and that has lead us to unnecessary wars and undesirable misbalance of the masses of the gender. Not attacking the real problem but rather settling ourselves to the problem, content to leave the wrong things we have done as they are and conforming to live with it. It’s like the problem of deforestation; we know that the problem is there but we dont resolve it, we prefer to put on oxygen masks in the future than to attack the real problem now. So then I believe that her reason of polygamy because of the war issue is not a true solution but a momentary accordance to survival, not attacking or giving a real answer (which is to me the increase of violence of everyday that has made us left with a sex misbalance). But it doesnt end there, a big question is about to expose, at it is What will happen then in the future or into a few more years where the disorder of sexes will may be so dramatic that for every man twelve women will be shared? Then what? Polygamy will maybe not be a truth solution and then maybe we will have to attack the true problems of violence and deaths of men. Another point that the author exposed is the circumstances where the wives are sick and the husbands cant manage it or where wives are unable to have children while the husband very much wants them. This argument represents a more logical thought, although not entirely correct in my opinion and own personal believes. I just cant still understand why it is necessary to go get another partner just for the benefit of a baby, when you could solve it renting a belly without resorting to commitments with other woman. But even if it happens or not, I think that the choices of a couple are personal choices and if the wife agrees then is her own personal choice. ? The other point that exposes is the cases where a marriage has not been very successful and the husband loves another woman. The author also express some things about when a husband need to divorce from the first wife to be with the second wife, but the first wife doesnt want to be divorce for the secure of the marriage, for herself and their children. Before starting to explain anything else I do think is quite understandable the worry that a wife could have for the economical and physical securities that a man provides (especially on these countries were most of the woman depends economically in the husband), but for the secure of the marriage? What secure? Now, the author needs to explain this in more details, because if the concept of secure marriage is to cover up from the society the very truth status of a relationship because of the judgments that this could bring, then I have very poor understanding the meaning of the term marriage, it seems that this definition doesn’t involucrate then a covenant of love with a partner but a commitment with cultural society. Whatever of all the case is, we must keep in mind that it is obvious that we will some how disapprove these ideals and thoughts, at least, obvious, if you are part of that kind of cultures and believes. Each culture is different and the analysis that we give others incorporating it into our own is simply wrong and insignificant. We just cant measure the same cultures with the same tool; every culture it’s unique. And the differences that demonstrate each one of them with the others doesnt gave us the right to classify them as less or more. Having said that, it was obvious that my answers were not going to be that much of acceptable. References Aisha B. Lemu, In Defense of Polygamy 2007; http://moodle. oss. cayey. upr. edu/dev/mod/resource/view. php? inpopup=trueamp;id=4434 (all ideas and references were taking of this)

The Operation Of A Microprocessor Within A PCS free essay sample

Describes the inner workings of a modern computer, focusing on the microprocessor, or a CPU on a single silicon chip. The Operation of a Microprocessor Within a PCS Introduction The microprocessor has become the work horse of the modern electronics communication industry. A microprocessor generally refers to a CPU on a single silicon chip, but exceptions have been made when the CPU includes particularly interesting design ideas. The important characteristics of a microprocessor are the widths of its internal and external address bus and data bus and instruction, its clock rate, and its instruction set. A single chip microprocessor may include other components such as memory (RAM, ROM, PROM), memory management, caches, floating-point unit, input/output ports, and timers. Such devices are also known as microcontrollers (Glossary, 1995). As integrated circuit densities have increased with the

Should You Tell Your Boss You Hate Your Job

Should You Tell Your Boss You Hate Your Job You hate your job.  You can barely force yourself to get out of bed in the morning to go to work. You’ve lost your passion almost completely. Your work conditions are appalling. And maybe you’re not alone; maybe your co-workers are equally miserable and this company is totally unredeemable. You want to share how you’re feeling with your boss, if only because she’ll have wanted to have the chance to make things better for you- at least to try and convince you to stay. But you’re worried you’ll get a reputation with the higher-ups as a disgruntled employee and then, even if you do get that raise or title bump, you’ll still be miserable at work.You hate your job so should you confront your boss or just conduct a quiet job search and sneak out without making a fuss?Can Your Boss Fix Things?The first thing to consider is whether there are any improvements to your current position or conditions that could convince you to stay. Would you be happier there if you were actually making fair pay for the work you do? Or if you negotiated some other adjustment to your work load that made your job more fulfilling? Before you decide to talk to your boss first, make sure you know how just high your bar is set for staying. And then be clear that you can’t stick around for anything less.Is Your Mind Already Made Up?But no matter how kind and conscientious your boss is, you don’t owe her anything. It’s still well within your rights to quietly get another job, and then give appropriate notice. It’s up to you to decide what you really want. If the answer is that you’re just done and want out? Don’t bother dragging your well-meaning (and probably powerless) supervisor into a decision process wherein your outcome is already decided.Make a graceful exit, don’t burn any bridges, and make sure you don’t fall into the same trap in your next position. Ask for what you deserve!

Zionism and the Negation of the Diaspora Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Zionism and the Negation of the Diaspora - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the concept of the negation of the Diaspora was a slogan that showed a negative attitude toward the Diaspora. It was commonly supported by the Zionists who suggested that solutions to the national problem can be found beyond the Diaspora. This position of the Zionists reflected a negative attitude towards Diaspora or exile, which is an objective attitude because it relates to the issue itself rather than the reactions of the Zionists. This paper argues that the negation of the Diaspora demonstrates an objective negative attitude that the Zionist Jews had towards Diaspora, and the Zionists demonstrated this slogan by opposing dispersion and advocating for the establishment of Jewish State in the historic homeland of the Jews. This slogan was demonstrated through the acts and thoughts of Zionists. Zionism rose as a movement of the Jews in the western world that fought for the Jewish rights and unity after being dispersed and alienated in foreign lands for a long time. Zionism considered religious mechanisms essential to revive and foster a national consciousness of Jews. They were concerned with the establishment of the Jewish solution to the Jewish problem. Zionism is also considered as a movement that supported the establishment of a Jewish state in the Jewish historic homeland in early 20th century. Zionists existed in different groups, but they all had common thoughts for the Jews.

Case Study 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

3 - Case Study Example Many of these airfreight firms are turning to specialization, i.e. transporting heavy and oversize cargo. The pioneer and leader of specialized air freight operations are Volga-Dnepr, a Russian airfreight company (Europeanbusinessreview.com, 2012). One of the strategies that the company has employed to lead in this field is a thorough marketing campaign on the international market. They have also come up with a system of transporting different goods, and this has given the market a unique market product. Some of the unique products include; eighty-one ton coca-cola bottling equipment, heavy chemical reactors, oil and gas equipment and concert equipment for music artists. The unique opportunity enabled the company to obtain many international clients who provide Volga-Dnepr with ninety percent of its income (Europeanbusinessreview.com, 2012). The specialization strategy is the primary factor that has led the company to grow. Volga-Dnepr saw a problem and they came up with strategies to solve it. They have also embraced technology with the acquisition of new aircrafts and adding more to their freight. These are commendable policies and it is clear that Volga-Dnepr will continue to grow. Europeanbusinessreview.com,. (2012).  Innovative Technologies in Aviation Logistics | the European Business Review | Empowering communications globally. Retrieved 20 April 2015, from

Fifa world cup for soccer 2022 in qatar Research Paper

Fifa world cup for soccer 2022 in qatar - Research Paper Example Even though severe criticisms were appearing in the Western media, the Asian people, especially the people in the Middle East welcomed the decision and they are witnessing it as an opportunity to demonstrate the abilities of Asian countries in conducting international events. Most of the global sports events were earlier confined within the boundaries of America or Europe earlier. However, the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2010 Delhi commonwealth games have shown the Westerners that the Asian countries are as good as the American or European countries in hosting international events. I strongly believe that the FIFA did a fair job by allocating the 2022 world cup to Qatar and in this paper, I argue in favour of 2022 Qatar world cup. Bains (2009) has pointed out the opinions of Qatar’s Emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani and argued in favour of the Qatar world cup. â€Å"Qatar Emir sees sport as a central part of the emirate's transformation into a modern economy, along with th e development of education, medicine, and science and technology centres† (Bains). World cup football may attract lot of foreign investments to Qatar. The economy of Qatar will develop immensely because of the infrastructure development for World cup football events. Lots of hotels, stadiums, road and rail like transportation facilities, water supply schemes, hospitals, communication facilities, etc needed to be developed in and around Qatar which will definitely improve the country’s economy in many ways. Moreover foreigners may visit Qatar, bulk in numbers, for watching the football matches and they will spend lot of money in Qatar which will boost the economy of Qatar. The visitors when they go back their home will tell more about the beauty of Qatar to their neighbours which will provoke interest among them to visit Qatar. In short, tourism will improve a lot and the economy will get a definite boosting as a result of conducting a world event like FIFA world cup. Ma ny unemployed people in Qatar will get employment because of FIFA world cup. The infrastructure developments across the city will demand more professionals for different projects and thus unemployment problem can be tackled up to certain extent in Qatar by conducting FIFA world cup. The current world is already divided over issues like religious fundamentalism and terrorism. The war on terror is going on at some places of the world at present. Holding an international event like FIFA world cup will definitely improve the feeling of nationalism and unity among the Qatar people. The people in Qatar may get more confidence in their administrations if the Qatar government is able to conduct the FIFA cup in a successful manner. Another advantage of conducting an FIFA cup is the exposure Qatar people will be able to receive from different cultures. People from different countries may visit Qatar for watching the FIFA cup and the locals may get more awareness about the custom, food habits and culture of the foreigners. â€Å"Sport is a very prominent social institution in almost every society because it combines the characteristics found in any institution with a unique appeal†Ã‚  (Frey & Eitzen). Sociologists believe that sports have a definite role in holding a society together.

Tourism And Economic Growth Of Sri Lanka Tourism Essay

Tourism And Economic Growth Of Sri Lanka Tourism Essay 1. Tourism is a good business in modern world to attract foreign currencies and it gives a large number of occupations to the people. Modern tourist industry develops with various requirement or purposes of tourists like pleasure, business, education requirement, research and many some more other visit foreign countries during their vacations or winter seasons of their native countries. Because they expect to reduce their expenses and difficulties due to seasonal changes. 2. Thailand, Brazil, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Maldives and Indonesia are the most famous tourist destinations in modern world. Sri Lanka is also a world famous tourist destination and known as a Paradise Island in the world. Country size, geographical variation, climatic condition, cultural and heritage sites, natural environment and tourists expenses are the key facts to attract tourists to the country. 3. But this paradise Island suffered with a thirty years conflict situation and during that time tourist industry collapsed. Tourists rejected this Island with conflict environment because there have been many explosions in Colombo and suburban areas. As well most states labeled this country as non tourism destination for safer visits. As a result most tourists were attracted to other destinations like Fuket Island, Maldives and Thailand. 4. Tourist industry of Sri Lanka regenerated after the end of crisis environment of the country and started a new economic development programme since 2009. Giant infrastructure resources invested to boost the economy of the country. This miracle was started after the dawn under sustainable peace and political environment of the country. Foreign money is very important for these developments because economy development highly expects to attract foreign currencies under many ways like Foreign Direct investments, Aid, foreign occupations, tourism and loan facilities. 5. Sri Lanka is expecting to develop this country as a major tourist destination in Asia. Sri Lanka has various opportunities to achieve that goal like pleasure tourism, eco tourism, cultural and heritage sites, religious base tourism, business, education and facilitator as a centre of international transportations. But tourism sector need wide range resources and facilities to develop that as the main economic sector contributor. Present infrastructure development programme concerns to develop tourist sector requirements like international standard roads, hotels, urban areas, aviation and harbor sector developments. 6. International tourism is a giant business because it consists with large number of services and requirements. Tourists visit to take new experiences and pleasure from their visits. They do not expect complex legal procedures and restrictions from their destination places. In contrast tourist industry gains some big troubles to host country as sexually transmitted diseases, illegal drugs and social challenges. Therefore Sri Lanka needs to concern balance economic development through tourism in the future. AIM 7. The aim of this paper is to discuss the development of tourism industry and its contribution to develop the economy of Sri Lanka. IMPORTANCE AS A TOURIST DESTINATION 8. Tourist destination needs stronger opportunities to attract tourism easily because tourists expect different environments than their home or states. Natural splendour, scenic beauty, tropical climatic condition and historical sites increased the value of this island to tourists in all over the world. Also they can travel from different climatic conditions within 3 to 4 hours travel from any part of the country with the geographical size of the island. These factors are gaining additional value to their tours and to Sri Lanka to improvise tourism and countrys development. NATURAL VALUES OF SRI LANKA 9. Sri Lanka is a humid tropical island lying in the South Asian region to southwest of the Indian peninsula in the Indian Ocean. When considering the geography and topography of the island three height levels or erosion levels are recognized by their height and slope features. The first level is the largest of the three and extends from sea level to 270m above mean sea level. The Uplands or the second level extends from 270m to 900m above mean sea level and the Highlands or third level at 900 to 2420m. These height levels illustrated very valuable scenic beauty and climatic difference to the country. Most tourists attract this variation and they enjoying with these values during their visits. 10. The island has also been divided into four climatic zones based on rainfall. The Dry zone occupies less 60 per cent of the total land area of the country. Its annual rainfall is between 1250-1900 mm and its mean annual temperature ranges 27 to 30Â °C. It is characterized by monsoon forests and thorn scrublands. The Wet zone which covers approximately 23 per cent of the total land area, receives a rainfall of 2500-5000 mm per year. It consists of lowland evergreen forests, montane rain forests and semi evergreen rain forests. 11. The transition zone between the above two zones is known as the Intermediate zone where the annual rainfall varies between 1900-2500 mm. The two semi-arid zones in the South-east and North-west receive less than 1250 mm of rainfall per year. Climatic difference made wider environmental difference in the country. Therefore tourists can visit various natural environments with high variation of biodiversities. 12. Another most important natural value for tourism industry development is land portion of Sri Lanka because our motherland is small in size with only 65,610 square kilometers of land. Its significant variation in climate, topography and soil properties has given rise to a striking variety of forest types. It provide habitats for a wide diversity of faunal and floral species. In fact Sri Lanka is one of the eight Hottest Hotspots out of the 25 Biodiversity Hotspots of international significance and is ranked among the highest in Asia in terms of biodiversity per unit area. Tourist can visit through these environments because Sri Lanka provides enough facilities to watch sanctuaries, wildlife parks and forest reservoir areas after taking appropriate permissions to visits. This is a big experience for tourists because they can take most natural experiences from this tiny island. 13. Fifteen floristic regions have been recognized within the country and these diverse habitats have given rise to a corresponding wide range of natural vegetations including forests like Tropical wet evergreen forests, Tropical moist semi-evergreen forests, Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests, Tropical thorn forests, Savannahs, Riverine forests, Tropical lower Montana forests and Tropical Montana or cloud forests, grasslands, Dry Montana grasslands, Lowland grasslands, Wet villu grasslands, inland wetlands and coastal and marine habitats. Such natural values enhance the value of the country and this island world famous as one of the natural treasure of the world. HERITAGE VALUES 14. Sri Lanka is a rich country with heritage values with over 2500 years modern history and millions of years pre historic era. Most cultural and heritage values developed in the country with the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism. Sri Lanka consisted with big treasure of heritage sites and ancient constructions like Load Buddhas statues, stupas, tanks, other statues, wall paintings, cave paintings, stone carvings and religious places. Sri Lanka provides facilities to visit these heritage sites and tourists can take interesting experiences from these tours. 15. Tourists can visit ancient kingdoms like Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Dambadeniya, Yapahuwa, Sigiriya and Kandy. As well Sri Lanka has number of colonial era constructions and architecture in various places and they can also see indigenous groups and their life styles if they travel to Dambana areas. Sri Pada or Adams peak, Anuradhapura Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi and Temple of Tooth relic are most important religious places of Sri Lanka and tourists can visits all these places with their interests. CULTURAL AND TRADITIONAL VALUES 16. Sri Lanka is a multi ethnic country and world most popular religious groups are living in the country. Therefore they can take experiences about the cultural and traditional differences of these communities. They can take experiences about customary food of Sri Lankans like rice and curry, hoppers, milk rice, roti, string hoppers, pittu, and kottu. They can take these experiences much easily because most local restaurants, hotels and smaller hotels provide wide range food for everyone. Furthermore tourist can buy any other cuisine from most tourist restaurants and hotels with their interests. 17. Sri Lankans celebrate various religious and cultural festivals throughout the year therefore tourists can take these experiences with seasonal celebrations like Sinhala and tamil new year, Wesak, posson and Esala festival, Christmas and new year celebrations when they visit to Sri Lanka. Esala procession and various other processions can be seen in Sri Lanka and it gains good experience for tourists because they can watch these cultural and traditional events without any payments. OTHER ENTERTAINMENTS 18. Visit to Sri Lanka provide various entertainment opportunities to tourists. They can enjoy their holidays with various attractive things like beach parties, club parties, music, bright sunshine, sea bathing and Ayurvedic treatments. Furthermore they can visit to watch whales, corals, diving events, boat trips, elephant orphanage, zoological and botanical garden. Tourist can visit to local shopping and they have opportunities to buy various attractive things like gems, handicrafts, dresses, duty free equipments and most local market items like fresh fruits, meats, fish, instant food and packet items. TOURIST DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AND EFFECTIVENESS TO ECONOMIC GROWTH 19. Tourism industry is still developing after crisis environment. But large number of tourists attracted to this country after the crisis environment in 2009. Therefore tourist industry is boosted again with high potential in income ways and infrastructure development ways. Tourism sector development helped to develop countrys economy and economic development rate and it represents as a major foreign currency earning way of the country. a. Earn Foreign Money. Tourism sector directly helps to flow foreign money into the country. Tourism industry is a giant foreign income way because we can earn foreign money through providing tourist sector services to the guests and sale other type of goods and services to them. Sri Lanka earned over 213 million US dollars in 2001 from direct tourist sector services and it increase as 350 million US dollars in 2009 and 575 million US dollars income in 2010 and 645 million US dollars income in 2011. b. Develop Local Business and Tourist Sector Facilities. Tourist sector facilities also developed after the war. Large number of hotels and restaurants were closed and others depended with very low incomes during past two decades. Sri Lankan tourist sector survived in 2001 with 414 accommodations places included with 13,626 room facilities. This environment increased up to 783 accommodations with 14,714 rooms in 2010. This development helped to boost countrys economy as well we could provide food, spa services and other essential facilities to tourists through this industry and developed all these sectors during past few years. c. Attract Foreign Direct Investments. From the end of 2008 Sri Lankan economy displayed some positive attitudes again after few years. The FDIs inflow to the country in 2010 reveals that about 59 percent came into infrastructure development projects, manufacturing sector attracted 30.9 percent, service sector attracted 8.6 percent included with 2.7 for tourist sector and agriculture sector attracted 1.3 percent. China invest a large amount of financial in Sri Lankan land in tourism sector and Sri Lanka expects US dollor1.5 billion foreign direct investments through its first tourist city project. d. New Job Opportunities. Tourist industry consisted of wider job opportunities to Sri Lanka as direct and indirect job opportunities. This sector includes hotel field job opportunities, spa and saloon, guide and field services and transport sector job opportunities. Employment in tourist industry is represented 80,904 persons in 2001 and it increased up to 134,250 in 2011. Category 2001 2010 2011 Accommodations for Tourist 414 783 824 Employment of tourist Industry 80 904 132 055 134 250 Gross Tourist receipts (US dollars Million) 213 575 645 Annual room occupation rate (per cent) 42.1 70.1 71.8 Table 1: Tourism sector development 2001 to 2011. Source: Annual report 2011, Central Bank of Sri Lanka. TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AT PRESENT 20. Tourist industry has re-emerged after two decades under peaceful environment. Now most countries have removed their barriers for their citizens to visit Sri Lanka and they accept the present environment in Sri Lanka as an ideal country for tourism. Most tourist sector magazines and websites guaranteed our security environment and tourist sector services. As a result 654,476 tourists visited Sri Lanka during the year 2010 and it increased up to 855,975 arrivals in 2011. The tourist arrival has increased by 30.8 percent in 2011 than year 2010. 21. Nearly 85,874 tourists have visited in January 2012 and this trend continued until April 2012. Large numbers of tourists have arrived to Sri Lanka from European nations. They have been elected this country for their seasonal vacations after a very long time. Most of them highly appreciate about our hospitality, accommodations, our charges and new innovations in the industry. Sri Lanka could earn 830.3 million US dollar income through tourism industry in year 2012 and expect to increase tourist arrivals up to 1 million in this year. 22. Around 78.9 per cent of tourists arrived Sri Lanka to spend their holidays and most of them represent the middle income earners. Therefore, they spend little for additional purposes than their major purposes. Nearly 12.7 per cent visited Sri Lanka for business requirements and 5.4 per cent visited to met their relations and pals. Most tourists visit Sri Lanka to take more opportunities in visiting sites and engage in entertainments under effective budget. They have been attracted by our Ayurvedic treatments and spa services because they have to pay large amount in their countries for such services. Item 2001 2005 2010 2011 Tourist arrival for pleasure 300,545 382,321 516,538 Tourist arrival for business 22, 677 92,879 83,270 Tourist arrivals for other 13,572 74,108 54,668 Total Tourist arrivals 336,794 549,308 654,476 855,975 Table2: Tourist arrivals to Sri Lanka from 2001-2011. Source: Annual report 2011, Central Bank of Sri Lanka. GOVERNMENT EFFORT 23. Sri Lankan government has identified the requirements of tourist sector developments and has given priority to develop this country as a tourist destination. Under this programme the government has provided various facilities to tourists, tourist sector entrepreneurs and employees. Government has given much stronger support to these programme because it can use as major income of the country. a. Government has arranged giant hotel development programmes and attracted world largest hotel sector entrepreneurs to the country. b. Introduced new tourist destinations like Nilaweli, Arugam bay, Mirissa and reopened Kumana and other sanctuaries to tourists. c. Conducted international level promotion campaign to give publicity about Sri Lanka. This program conducted through diplomatic relationships. This programme was named as Visit Sri Lanka. d. Government has launched urban development programmes to construct major cities of the country to enhance tourism. These projects enhance the infrastructure facilities, tourist information premises, standard accommodations, leisure areas and important places of the each region. 24. Sri Lanka Tourist Board and Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority are operating under the authority of Ministry of Tourism and these organizations helped to develop tourism in the country. The Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority was formed under Section 2 of the Tourism ACT. SLTDA has provided several facilities to develop tourism in Sri Lanka. Ministry of tourism organized programmes to protect tourist industry and national values of the country with: a. All tourist sector services registered under the Tourist board and arranged limitations and standardization methods to enhance accommodations, restaurant, transportation and tourist guide facilities of the country. b. Manage and maintain tourist development programmes with the support of ministry of cultural and heritage. c. Banned illegal drugs, prostitutions and some alcohols in the environment of tourism industry. Sri Lanka police provide essential service and support to this program. Sri Lanka police has established special police unit to handle tourism related cases of the country. d. Tourist Board and Municipal Councils maintain Tourist information centers in all major cities of the island. 25. Sri Lanka expects to enhance tourism industry as the main contributor of our economy. Therefore we expect to attract 2.5 million tourists in 2016 and it will use to develop the economy of the country. Most infrastructures development projects help to enhance tourism sector of the country. Today our road network upgraded as international levels and local aviation systems also started to provide good service to tourists. Sri Lanka Air force and civil aviation authority provide good service to boost this programme. CHALLENGES AND THREATS FOR FUTURE TOURISM 26. Tourist industry of the country is developing with a rapid growth rate at present. Most accommodation and restaurant facilities comprehensively renewed to enhance tourism of the country. But we have been faced several issues in this sector with higher tourists arrivals. Comfortable accommodations and tourist board approved restaurants are not enough to handle the capacity of tourist sector. Number of new hotels and motels are constructing in everywhere of the country but we cant reach the goal in 2016 without expedited programmes in this sector. Our economic development goals are illustrated through these objectives, therefore we should be needed to catch these goals in correct time. 27. New tourist destinations need more accommodations, sanitations and restaurant facilities. Accommodations and restaurant facilities are very poor in northern region and new constructions are going under way. Therefore foreigners still do not visit to these areas. Sri Lanka is a maritime nation and most tourists like to spend in beach areas but our lifeguard services are not enough to provide good security to tourists who use our beaches and sea areas. As well Sri Lanka has beautiful inland water reservoirs but these resources cannot be used by anyone under lack of trainee personalities around those areas. 28. Prostitution and drug usage are other key issues in Sri Lanka. As well some tourists find sexual pleasure during their tours therefore these businesses are secretly arranged in Sri Lankan environment. Gay sexual participation is higher than female prostitutions because this method can be used without major problems under present legal process. Over 40,000 prostitutes and around 150,000 secrete prostitution members engage in this business. 29. Tourism industry is widely spread in most countries and numbers of regional countries provide remarkable facilities to foreigners. Thailand, Maldives, Singapore, Vietnam and India are key competitors in this region and they provide prostitution services to tourists and they have given relatively low cost packages to visitors. But we have faced big issues in this matter because Sri Lankan law enforcement, social environment, religious environment and health environment do not allow for prostitution in this country. Especially HIV infection is widely spread with prostitution, therefore this matter is a big challenge to the Sri Lankan environment. Sexual transmitted diseases and gambling have wide spreaded in tourist destinations and it will expand with new tourist destinations too. 30. Large number of persons engage to this massive business as Tourist guides or transport agents. But most of them engage in this giant industry without any professional qualification and it affected to gain many adverse results to Sri Lanka. This industry need professional persons in many fields like multiple language users, professional chefs, waiters, tourist lecturers and musicians to develop tourism in Sri Lanka. We can earn additional income through our cultural events and Ayurvedic treatments but the problem is most of these sector professionals are very rare in modern environment. SUMMARY 31. Sri Lanka is a great tourism destination and it is popular among Europeans since 12 Century. This industry developed in this country with three key factors like Sri Lanka is an authentic tourist destination, the country is a compact Island of 65610km and biodiversity and heritage spread is in a very widen range than other countries. As well this country is situated in a key position in international naval trade route and it can use to develop tourism industry. 32. Sri Lankan people, culture, spices food, gems, handcrafts, festival features, religious environments and adventure events increase the value for real tourism sector development. Sri Lanka is a key maritime nation and now we need to develop this country as economically developed country. Therefore we need to find suitable income ways and tourism industry is very important for that. Tourists highly interest to visit this island therefore we need to provide essential facilities and effective packages to enhance tourism industry. 33. Past dark years conflict environment adversely affected to tourism industry and it vigorously affected to decline economic development of the country. Sri Lanka survived with agriculture Corps since ancient history but now we need to develop with much stronger economic strategies. Therefore Sri Lanka needs to enhance tourism sector development with proper government mediations. 34. Over 800,000 tourist visited this country in 2011 and it continued in first quarter of 2012. In 2011 Sri Lanka earned 830.3 million US dollars through tourism and government expect to increase up to 1 million tourists visits in 2012. With the current accommodation facilities we can manage this target and now we need suitable expedited programmes to enhance tourist industry infrastructure developments in next two or three years. RECOMMANDATIONS 35. Government should be needed to mediate to solve tourism sector issues, especially in Sri Lanka tourism sector need large number of professionals in each fields. Therefore government should be needed to implement training and development programmes or standardization method to categories tourism sector employees as standard level. 36. Tourist Board can implement training programmes for tourist guides who work as beach boys or guides at present. This programme should be included registration system and need to issue standard identity card for them. This process is helping to increase talented job opportunities and it is effective to enhance the economy of the country. 37. Sri Lanka expects to earn foreign currencies through tourism therefore we need to standardize tourism sector price ranges and service values because tourists expect effective service during their visits. a. We can introduce proper billing method for accommodations. Under this we can implement suitable range of prices for each hotel classes. b. We can introduce proper local taxi services and tourist transport process to enhance countrys transport facilities for tourists. c. Ayurvedi spa services and medical facilities should be need to categories with proper ways. 38. Sri Lanka need 40,000 to 50,000 accommodation facilities to enhance tourism in next few years. Therefore government should be needed to provide additional facilities to attract new local and foreign investment to his sector. 39. Harbor and airport development programmes directly support to enhance our economy but we can earn additional foreign income with the development of tourism industry. Most international mariners and aviation industry professionals need accommodation facilities during their journeys therefore we can develop new tourism environment among these people. 40. Sri Lanka needs new law enforcement to develop tourism industry because most tourists visit this country for pleasure or joining with various entertaining events. We should be needed to provide some essential services like gambling and some alcohols to tourist under new formations. 41. Sri Lanka has a beautiful natural environment therefore we can market this resources through eco tourism development. Most foreigners are interested in spending their leisure with the natural environment. 42. Ayurvedic medicines and treatments are very important to enhance tourist attraction. Therefore we should be needed to introduce proper framework to provide correct ayurvedic treatments to tourists. B M A N V GUNATHILAKA CR Lieutenant Student Officer

Water Pollution in Canada Essay examples -- Environmental Pollution Ess

The industrialization of Canada is severely affecting the nations lakes, streams, and rivers. If something is not done to improve the situation it is going to have some severe environmental problems in its future. The following essay will be looking at the factors that cause pollution, and the effect that pollution has on the environment of Canada. It will also explore some of the methods used to treat and clean-up wastewater, and oil spills. Today pollution is very high in both inland and marine waters. All different types of water pollution are contributing factors in this problem. Here are some things that are associated with pollution: Pathogens: Pathogens are disease causing bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. They usually come from human sewage. As pathogen numbers increase, so does the risk of human health. Biochemical Oxygen Demand: Organic wastes that decay in a body of water. decrease the amount of oxygen found in it. The living things in the lake need oxygen to survive. If the oxygen level is depressed to zero, all fish in the lake die. Any decomposition that does not contain oxygen starts to generate noxious gases such as Hydrogen Sulfide. Pulp and paper mills, and municipal sewage causes BOD. Nutrients: Nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, enrich waters and accelerate the aging of lakes and streams. Also, the result of this is rich plant life which prohibits recreational activities. Plankton blooms depress oxygen levels (as mentioned before) and therefore, endanger living organisms. Major sources of nutrients are municipal sewage and agricultural runoff. Toxic Materials: Can affect the health of aquatic organisms and their consumers, and the people who drink the contaminated water. The toxicants include lead, mercury, DDT, PCB, benzopyrene, oil, and dibutyl phthalate. These chemicals enter the lake through dumping by the factories. Temperature Changes: Temperature changes from waste heat discharges (like from a nuclear power plant) can cause pollution. This happens if their elevation reduces dissolved-oxygen levels, and accelerates eustrophication, which in turn affects the ecological processes and blocks the migration path of fishes. Acidification: Acidification (acid rain etc.) Is caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxide in the rain, which is caused by automobiles and large industries. Temperature Changes: The... ... 40,000 gallons) per ton of steel manufactured. A typical metropolitan area discharges a volume of wastewater equal to about 60 to 80 percent of its total daily requirements! The rest is being used for washing cars, watering lawns, and for manufacturing processes such as food canning and bottling. Infiltration: This occurs when sewer lines are placed below the water table or when rainfall goes down through the earth to the pipe. We do not like it because it means that the piping system and the treatment plant have to work extra hard Storm Water Drainage: This is simply the water from rain, melted snow, etc. draining into our pipelines and sewers where it goes to a treatment plant to be treated, but there is nothing wrong with it. In conclusion, From all the points I have brought up it is easy to see that the more people there are in the world the more water pollution there is going to be. That doesn't mean that we have to stop having children, what it means is that we have to start watching where we drain our polluted water, and start to use our resources more wisely. We should also be more careful with hazardous chemicals , and things like oil drilling, etc.

Jcm Model

1)What is JCM model? Job characteristic model defines the task characteristics and its relationships with motivation, performance and satisfaction in work settings. It has a high potential to provide insights into the organizations structures or designs necessary for enhancing motivation. It is a potential tool for understanding motivation and devising strategies for motivating individuals.Relevance and utility of major JCM components in enhancing motivation in classroom settings are discussed It focuses on the behavior of the job 5 job characteristics- Skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feed back- Structural elements 3 critical psychological states-experienced meaningfulness of work, experienced autonomy, knowledge of actual results 1 increased personal and work outcomes 1 growth need strength Unification of various structural elementsCause and effect of these structural elements to the psychological states Links the complementary literatures of education and psychological work 2)How might a team leader’s understanding of the JCM model enhance his/her effectiveness at improving the productivity of the work unit? Please be specific as possible. As team leader one of my responsibilities is to create, sustain and enhance the motivation of the employees. In order to achieve this I need clarity in the variety of skill sets present within my employees.For example, one of my team members is a very creative person. I perceive him as a very valuable asset to team especially when the team is in the â€Å"Analysis Paralysis† mode. He comes in as a zero gravity thinker and provides an out-of-box perspective. Because the whole team is ingrained in the problem, he brings in fresh-air and perspective to the problem and in many instances this perspective leads to the team to think in different directions which ultimately lead to the solution.One of my other team mates is very task oriented. He will do the task whatever it takes to complet e it. So when there is a project with tight deadline with methodical work involved then I choose this individual to complete the task. It is more of an adaptive approach which needs incremental innovation capabilities rather than breakthroughs. So identifying the individuals strength and aligning the tasks according to their strengths is critical for creating sustaining and enhancing the motivation of individuals in the team.The challenge is to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the early stages of the team building efforts. This example gives an insight of identifying the skill set among the employees, aligning the task with the skill, appreciating the value the team members bring in to achieving the common goal- Success of the team, giving feedback on their performance and added value to the team’s success from their contribution, giving them the autonomy to perform their best for the benefit for themselves and for the organization.

Free Essays on Northern Renaissance Art

On February 28th I visited Chicago Art Institute, in order to find out more about the Northern Renaissance Art. One of many beautiful paintings, which interested me the most was â€Å"Virgin and Child† by Rogier van der Weyden, leading Netherlandish painter of the mid-15th century. His real name was Rogier de la Pasture and he was born in Tournai (1399-1464). He was a son of a master cutler. The artist received his training in Walloon province of Hainaut, influenced by the elegant Franco Flemish style. As a young man he was an apprentice in Robert Campin’s flourishing workshop. In 1432 he became an independent master, and in 1435 he moved to Brussels, where he was appointed official city painter. His style derives from the work of his two contemporaries, Jan van Eyck and Robert Campin. He used realism and dynamic language in his works, and he was called a master of Gothic art. The painting â€Å"Virgin and Child† was finished in 1460. The artist used oil on pan el. The most important benefit of using oils was that they have a slow-drying time, during which their colors do not change, allowing the artist to rework, correct, and even scrape off areas of paint. The painting portrays Virgin holding baby Christ. She is placed against velvet cloth of honor. Madonna looks very calm and beautiful. Her face is turned to the right, with eyes looking down at the baby. In her sad eyes there is a great amount of love and devotion for the baby Jesus. She holds Him in a very nurturing way. Mary is stylized as a tender and shy with sensitive nature of a mother. The Virgin looks sweet, but she is an exalted mother of Jesus Christ. The halo over her head gives her supernatural look. Also the robe makes her more as a deity. She holds the infant with long and strong fingers while He is playing with the clasp of a manuscript. Her torso portrayed in â€Å"S† shape is a characteristic of a High Gothic Style. The artist does not pay much attention to the spa... Free Essays on Northern Renaissance Art Free Essays on Northern Renaissance Art On February 28th I visited Chicago Art Institute, in order to find out more about the Northern Renaissance Art. One of many beautiful paintings, which interested me the most was â€Å"Virgin and Child† by Rogier van der Weyden, leading Netherlandish painter of the mid-15th century. His real name was Rogier de la Pasture and he was born in Tournai (1399-1464). He was a son of a master cutler. The artist received his training in Walloon province of Hainaut, influenced by the elegant Franco Flemish style. As a young man he was an apprentice in Robert Campin’s flourishing workshop. In 1432 he became an independent master, and in 1435 he moved to Brussels, where he was appointed official city painter. His style derives from the work of his two contemporaries, Jan van Eyck and Robert Campin. He used realism and dynamic language in his works, and he was called a master of Gothic art. The painting â€Å"Virgin and Child† was finished in 1460. The artist used oil on pan el. The most important benefit of using oils was that they have a slow-drying time, during which their colors do not change, allowing the artist to rework, correct, and even scrape off areas of paint. The painting portrays Virgin holding baby Christ. She is placed against velvet cloth of honor. Madonna looks very calm and beautiful. Her face is turned to the right, with eyes looking down at the baby. In her sad eyes there is a great amount of love and devotion for the baby Jesus. She holds Him in a very nurturing way. Mary is stylized as a tender and shy with sensitive nature of a mother. The Virgin looks sweet, but she is an exalted mother of Jesus Christ. The halo over her head gives her supernatural look. Also the robe makes her more as a deity. She holds the infant with long and strong fingers while He is playing with the clasp of a manuscript. Her torso portrayed in â€Å"S† shape is a characteristic of a High Gothic Style. The artist does not pay much attention to the spa...

Understanding and Implementing Array Data Types in Delphi

Understanding and Implementing Array Data Types in Delphi Arrays allow us to refer to a series of variables by the same name and to use a number (an index) to call out individual elements in that series. Arrays have both upper and lower bounds  and the elements of the array are contiguous within those bounds. Elements of the array are values that are all of the same type (string, integer, record, custom object). In Delphi, there are two types of arrays: a fixed-size array which always remains the same sizea  static arrayand a dynamic array whose size can change at runtime. Static Arrays Suppose we are writing a program that lets a user enter some values (e.g. the number of appointments) at the beginning of each day. We would choose to store the information in a list. We could call this list Appointments, and each number might be stored as Appointments[1], Appointments[2], and so on. To use the list, we must first declare it. For example: var Appointments : array[0..6] of Integer; declares a variable called Appointments that holds a one-dimensional array (vector) of 7 integer values. Given this declaration, Appointments[3] denotes the fourth integer value in Appointments. The number in the brackets is called the index. If we create a static array but don’t assign values to all its elements, the unused elements contain random data; they are like uninitialized variables. The following code can be used to set all elements in the Appointments array to 0. for k : 0 to 6 do Appointments[k] : 0; Sometimes we need to keep track of related information in an array. For example, to keep track of each pixel on your computer screen, you need to refer to its X and Y coordinates using a multidimensional array to store the values. With Delphi, we can declare arrays of multiple dimensions. For example, the following statement declares a two-dimensional 7 by 24 array: var DayHour : array[1..7, 1..24] of Real; To compute the number of elements in a multidimensional array, multiply the number of elements in each index. The DayHour variable, declared above, sets aside 168 (7*24) elements, in 7 rows and 24 columns. To retrieve the value from the cell in the third row and seventh column we would use: DayHour[3,7] or DayHour[3][7]. The following code can be used to set all elements in the DayHour array to 0. for i : 1 to 7 do for j : 1 to 24 do DayHour[i,j] : 0; Dynamic Arrays You may not know exactly how large to make an array. You may want to have the capability of changing the size of the array at runtime. A dynamic array declares its type, but not its size. The actual size of a dynamic array can be changed at runtime by the use of the SetLength procedure. var Students : array of string; creates a one-dimensional dynamic array of strings. The declaration does not allocate memory for Students. To create the array in memory, we call SetLength procedure. For example, given the declaration above, SetLength(Students, 14) ; allocates an array of 14 strings, indexed 0 to 13. Dynamic arrays are always integer-indexed, always starting from 0 to one less than their size in elements. To create a two-dimensional dynamic array, use the following code: var Matrix: array of array of Double; begin SetLength(Matrix, 10, 20) end; which allocates space for a two-dimensional, 10-by-20 array of Double floating-point values. To remove a dynamic arrays memory space, assign nil to the array variable, like: Matrix : nil; Very often, your program doesnt know at compile time how many elements will be needed; that number will not be known until runtime. With dynamic arrays, you can allocate only as much storage as is required at a given time. In other words, the size of dynamic arrays can be changed at runtime, which is one of the key advantages of dynamic arrays. The next example creates an array of integer values and then calls the Copy function to resize the array. var Vector: array of Integer; k : integer; begin SetLength(Vector, 10) ; for k : Low(Vector) to High(Vector) do Vector[k] : i*10; ... //now we need more space SetLength(Vector, 20) ; //here, Vector array can hold up to 20 elements //(it already has 10 of them)end; The SetLength function creates a larger (or smaller) array and copies the existing values to the new array. The Low and High functions ensure you access every array element without looking back in your code for the correct lower and upper index values.

Start Up Shoe Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Start Up Shoe Business - Essay Example high heel, medium heel and low heel. All these three heights can be adjusted in a single product. The heel of this innovative product will be of hard plastic. It can be rotated to adjust the desired heights from three default sizes. This feature is the key attractive feature of the product. Manufacturing cost of this product would be $25. The company will manufacture this product through their own production unit. It will source leather and other required raw materials from the local suppliers. The quality of this multi-featured shoe will be of premium standard so that it can be positioned in the market among the premium brands. Quality will be checked by the expertise of the company’s manufacturing department. Quality control activity involves checking of quality of lather and pasting. These two components of a shoe determine the overall quality of the product. Customers’ feedbacks about the product at initial stage need to be evaluated to find out necessary revisions in production process or product raw materials. Quality control is one of the most important parts of production process. The quality control department always needs to focus on the industry quality standard and position the brand by comparing general feedback of the customers about quality of this product with respect to other brands. This product will be offered in the market with high standard of customer service like 6 months after sales warranty for any kind of damages of the shoe. New shoe will be provided in case of major damages within 6 months. Production flow of this product will be controlled on the basis of the demand of the product in the market. This strategy will be adapted to faster liquidation of the inventory and lower inventory cycle. Customers’ feedback will be given higher priority for further product development in terms of quality and design of this innovative product. Location HIGHLOWS shoe will be manufactured in Springfield, MA. Springfield is one of the most popular cities in England. The manufacturing unit of this product will be established in this location. Therefore, availability of resources needs to be analyzed in this location. For developing manufacturing and warehousing unit, a large hall will be leased for the next 5 years, and the interior of the hall will be designed. This includes separating the total space into two different divisions like manufacturing unit and warehouse. In the manufacturing unit, required machineries will be installed. Electric wearing will be fixed before the installation of the machineries. The generator facility will be necessary to ensure 24 hour electric supply. Renting the required building will be cost effective for this new business as the initial investment needs to be allocated in various activities like marketing, transportation, working capital management etc. Therefore, the cost of developing a building will be allocated in other operating activities. It is the most effective busi ness strategy for a new business to use rented fixed assets at initial stages, which also helps the company to easily withdraw the business in case of the worst case scenario in terms of market demand of the product. 2 to 3 vehicles are necessary for carrying raw material and also for supplying the products to the wholesalers as well as retailers. Again, to reduce initial capital requirements, this service will be outsourced from local transport service providers. To avoid delayed supply of raw materials, local suppliers will be involved in the production of this product. Legal Environment In order to obtain the licensing of the shoe business, an experienced attorney will have to be hired in order that all the legal requirements of the business are fulfilled and necessary

Phase 1 Discussion Board 2 Posting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Phase 1 Discussion Board 2 Posting - Assignment Example However, it should be noted that it basically depends upon the situation and in some cases, it is quite important for experts to take up the role of project management. Project management is usually a wide area involving a wide array of things. In the process of developing a new technology or implementing a highly technical process in an organization, it is imperative that the whole process is conducted by a person who has technical knowledge in the workings of such technology. The present world is very dynamic and new technology comes by the day. In this case, it normally takes much time before people get acquainted with such technology. It is therefore important for the project manager to be an expert in the field so as to offer the necessary instruction or guidance on how the whole field should be handled. In a highly technical working environment like NASA, it is almost impossible to have a project manager who is not an expert in the project. This is because there is a high degree of technical excellence required and there is no room for any mistakes. As such, a project manager in such a case is required to have knowledge on the technology in use (Wysocki, 2010). It has always been seen that in situations where project manager do not have expert knowledge on the subject matter, challenges often arise. For instance, a layman in medical equipment might not really realize that such equipment require a lot of maintenance which might be very expensive. In that case, some of the advice directed to the project manager might be ignored since the manager does not clearly understand the weight of the whole issue. Having a project manager who has knowledge on the subject matter is very important as it greatly saves time and cost of executing roles. This is because the manager already understands much of the operations and does not really need to study the process much. On the contrary, a lay project

The market for IntensCare product Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The market for IntensCare product - Case Study Example The company enjoys a large market power because of its innovativeness, formalized process of product development and heavy investments in product development (Donnellon and Margolis 2). Presently, MedSys Company has is the leading distributor of the IntensiveCare product in the market. The company has invested huge sums of money, amounting to $20.5 million in developing and launching the product (Donnellon and Margolis 1). Since the product is the most ambitious project in history, MediSys must have the largest market compared to its competitors. Nature of the market structure The nature of the market for IntensCare product is perfect competition. Perfect competition market is where there are many buyers and sellers so that the action of one trader has no significant impact on the market price. Perfect competition market is characterized by mobility of the factors of production such that producers can respond to price signals. Valerie Merz, for example, fears of losing the market share for to the forthcoming product, which are scheduled for release within the year (Donnellon and Margolis 1). Valerie is rational and seek to maximize utility and profits; this is the feature of a perfect competition market. The marketing function is interested in distributing and selling the product. Valerie Merz, the marketing manager was under pressure as she reviewed the agenda of the meeting intended for IntensCare product development team.

Toys and Games Essay Example for Free

Toys and Games Essay The Toys and Games industry is one of the most adaptable and creative enterprise businesses that outlined a wide scope of products for younger children as well as slightly older children. An increasing market of children toys and games have grown over the last several years to producing intriguing products that satisfies parents both on prices and technology. The toy and gaming industry has grown to produced extraordinary entertainment products as well as brand identity to solidify the company’s brand equity (Kelly, 2000:08). For instance the Mattel and Hasbro company brands contributes to the enormous consumer interests to toys and gaming system in the United States, China, and U. K. that created fierce competition with corresponding international company brands. The marketing strategies implemented by the firms operating in different geographic locations present an interesting perspective for defining the product specifics (Armstrong and Kotler, 2007:98). Some of the boundaries identified in the toy and game industry that resulted in the market being affected by falling birth rate. This in turn created a lower accountability in children population is declining in the past decade from 1996-2001 (Key Note, 2007:44). Therefore, the boundary creates the need for enterprises to redesign products for the older children market and provide appropriate marketing aspects according (Emeraldinsight. com, 2008). The marketing strategies used by the firms the major company brands are centered on the core technical advancement to solidify the target segmentation (Shermerhorn, 2008:38). The marketing strategies are planned and executed from its central platform in the international market due to the vast opportunities to reaching majority of the children population. The company’s brand cohesive approach provides the challenges exposed by each sector market that redefines the boundary previously indicated for exposure in the United States, China, and the U. K. target market segments identified (Asa. org, 2008:2). The toy and games industry sectors are categories in nine units that are as follows (Key Note, 200711): ? Infant/pre-school toys and games products for under 5year olds ? Activity toys ? Outdoors/sport toys and games ? Games/puzzles ? Dolls ? Action toys ? Vehicles ? Plush toys ? Other Products The toy and game industry category sectors are garnering the marketing approach to be designated by target demographic and locations to render the most brand equity to a profitability standing (Chitty, Barker, and Shrimp, 2005:22). The business enterprise has to renders a longer consumer commitment to a particular brand in order sustaining operations when the target demographic changes, case in point the last past decade declined in child births (Cameron, 2004). Moreover, the pricing strategies offer another element to assist in the differentials between the large company brands that creates a fundamental aspects to outlined the concepts for competitive prices in order to become the leader in the toy and game industry. The impact of government policies and laws on the Toys and Games Industry The identified government policies impacting the Toys and Games industry relates to several concerns that safety to weights and measure regulations. These two areas out of the many specified regulations depending on the location around the world where toys and games are sold, the safety area and weight measurements are dominately the primary concern. The safety legislation enforces the Toy Safety Directive 88/378/EEC that stricts the toy company to adhere to materials not destructive to the environment or longtime negative exsposure to children. Furthermore, the safety legislature covers the means for ensuring the toy products and games are aligned communicating the correct assessement towards age, choking hazards pieces, EN71-2:2006 Flammability, and other additional information to provide the parent the right assessment. The weights and measure regulations 1994 No# 1851 relates to the requirement for an indication of actual weighing of the toy and game. Case in point, the younger children demographic are at different sizes as well as the container/furniture to hold or stand up the product (Key Note, 2007:55). Therefore, this particular regulation provides the parent needed information to better assess what is acceptable for the children and/or houselhold. The weight and measure regulations allows for the company’s brands to focus on the appropriate components necessary to address two folds of marketing and RD concerns; pricing and targeted demographic preferences for longtime interests in the toy or game. These enforced government policies are geared towards bringing the law within the toy and game industry to facilitate the growing company brand in the international market as well as domestically. In doing so, the end user that is mostly younger children are able to enjoy the toy and game product to its full potential without the immediate concern of a possible harmful outcome. Analysis on the Economic Forces which Affect Demand for the Toys and Games Industry The economic environment is constantly changing that produces a challenging concept for toy and game companys to being creative in selling and distributing their products. The U. K. gross domestic product continues to show the consistent level of growth from 2004 to currently. In doing so, the GDP has provides a very positive backdrop for the corporate spending in RD for product development. The area of inflation does arises, especially the last couple of years particularly in U. K. , in which the rate have lagged behind for the increase of household disposable income (Carol. co. uk. ,2008:2). As economists have outlined, the prices that rises in an economy as a whole hoave been lower than income rises creates opportunities for toys and games company enterprises to adapt to the market conditions (Baye, 2009:102) The GDP in the U. K. averages to a 5% increases between 2007-2010 that encourages toys and games enterprises for further investment in traditional demographic markets. The senior management team within the toy and game industry companies provided the needed funding to further explore more creative ways to tap into the available expendable/spendable income of households. Respectively, the international focus of marketing to these targeted households are more effective in highlighting new products and features that can translate to â€Å"crazes† that boost volume sales for specific products. The growth rate continues to improve as more and more toy and game companies trained their marketing team to identify trends and adapt quickly to the changing preferences in the demographic (Pelsmacker, 2006:122). Case in point, the latest report on younger children are more inclined to prefer toys and games that are older in content that is understanding due to the rise in pre-school education. The younger children population tend to be more attracted to toys and games that are at least1 grade higher that produces an emphasis on creating products that are challenging to hold children’s interest. The economic environment additionaly creates a structure for companys to provide upgraded options in order counteract with limited product shelf life within the particular age groups. This is critical for major brands to adjust accordingly due to current trends of younger children preferences that are different than forty years ago. The cooperation of major company’s brand with retailers and research on trends offers a stronghold to RD to marketing effectively in a challenging economic environment. The Impact of Demographic Change, Society’s beliefs, Values and Attitudes The identified impact of demographic changes are in the specifications preferences from the younger children population. In recent years, the younger children population prefers more challenging activities from toys and games that requires for better RD to market effectively in the industry. In addition, the impact of the primary demographic creates an opporutunity for major companys to expand the focus of product development for ages 7-9 and 10-18 that focuses on educational development as well as entertainment. These demographic changes has pros and cons depending on the specificity of the toy and game company to adapt accordingly in order to stay relevant and leader in the industry (Bryman, 2007:45). The society’s beliefs, values, and attitudes on certain toys and games provide for social responsible company to adhere to that will not limit the marketability of the product. That is why most toy and game companies concentrate most of their investments in the international markets to expose the product line. The different cultures provides for a more specified marketing strategy that acknowledge the children society belief and values that will encourage a positive attitude towards the company brand. Case in point, the Mattel Corporation number one doll Barbie is marketed internationally and in each culture there are different theme Barbie, for instance the UK model will be different for the China model or even the U. S. A. model. This approach allows for a more competitive toy and game company to incorporate needed attributes in products that has a lasting impressions on younger and older children. The flexibility of the younger children preferences allows for the creation of upgraded tailored toys and games that older children are more attracted to purchase accordingly. Therefore, the brand of Sony and Playstation developed different demographic age groups to market that will balance out the disparity of time periods of low birth rate to a higher older children population. The demand for a different gaming experience by the older demographics sets the bar for firms both in the U. K. and the United States that creates a platform for influencing the marketing and design strategy (Burnes, 2004:102). The toy and games companies are utilizing the feedback from consumers and integrating a newer technology approach that infuses the society beliefs of acceptable products (Wild, Wild, and Han, 2006:94). The challenge is the constant ability to target market the appropriate resources to secure the designated children population (Fleming and Koppelman, 2006:25). The approach taken by each of the toy and game companies is to release products and game titles that catered to the targeted demographic preferences with care to parents and children values of appropriate features, i. e. the Brats Dolls probably will not be acceptable in China compared to the U. K. or the U. S. A. Therefore, the advancements during certain times for maximum impact in designing the product and accessories are critical to demonstrate a willingness to staying as a leader in the industry (Williams, 2008). The toy and game industry provides the straight forward concept to effective RD that produces an interesting business perspective to effectively knowing the market in different geographic locations to meet is strategic goals in demographic assessment. Assess the Impact of Technological Development in Relation to Toy and Game Industry. The dramatic impact of technological development in relation to the toy and game industry is the major features for the Sony PlayStation contrasting approach from the other products. As mention prior, the major opportunity for toy and game companies to market the brand towards different demographic age groups when the fluctuations in birth rate creates an audience interested in complicated toys and games (Cooper, Grey, Raymond, Walker, and 2005:28). These fluctuations in time-tables of releasing titles and online initiatives in China compared to the USA. The strategy for the time-tables is to apply pressure in the gaming markets on the other brands to follow suit after Sony sets the trend. The outcome projected for online capabilities increased revenue and returned investment due to the Sony PlayStation robust multimedia capabilities (USA Today, 2005:1). Conversely, the fundamental marketing strategy for Sony PlayStation is to allow U. K. to focus on the accessibility mindset for the expansion into international markets by the availability of titles to increase interest in the product. In doing so, the Sony PlayStation continues to stay competitive compared to Xbox and Nintendo Wii in both international markets. The Xbox predominately brand positioning with the manufacture trade-name Microsoft offers a competitive edge in the U. K. and the United States to keep the brand competitive to Sony PlayStation and Nintendo Wii. (See Figure A). Brand Positioning Brand Name Selection Brand Sponsorship Brand Development Attributes Benefits Beliefs and Values Selection Protection Manufacturers brand Private brand Licensing Co-branding Line extensions Brand extensions Multi-brands New-brands More importantly, the Sony PlayStation PS3 consoles have sold in the U. K. markets creates a profound interests to producing sales trends upwards (PlayStation. com, 2008: 2). The identified recent market strategy to improve the consoles model of PSP and PS2 that features a Blu-ray influenced the overall sales returns for the company. The Blu-ray provided the Sony PlayStation to effectively utilize the younger demographic age range from 12 to 18 years old. This approach for the Sony PlayStation differs from some of the other products by focusing and maintaining the aspect of a visual experience as the primary focus. In doing so, the targeted market segment offers Sony PlayStation to build on its already establishing consumer base to strengthen its brand identity (Sony, 2008:1). Furthermore, the Sony PlayStation marketing strategies adapt its features to the U. K. market on technique for the gaming experience compared to other international geographic markets that provides accessibility to upgrade features. The Sony PlayStation focuses on the titles for the video game console produced to solidify their lead in specific game titles. The PlayStation 3 competes with Microsofts Xbox 360 and Nintendos Wii as part of the generation of video game systems that distinguishes the PlayStation by its unified online gaming service, the PlayStation Network. The theoretical concept that Sony Company Entertainment incorporates is based on the understanding to the international markets that the firm concentrates on adaptability that secures a holding on the demographic both offline and online. The firm geographic locations, specifically in markets that catered to the product demographics interets presents more a direct interest to the game titles and technical online accessibility. Moreover, the Sony PlayStation contrasts with previous game developer’s perception on how Sonys marketing strategy for the online play to infuse advertising funding appropriately (Porter, 2004:89). Nonetheless, the Xbox generation video game console expanded the landscape to present Microsofts second foray in succeeding their projects in the international launch (Bowen, 2000). The promotional strategy for the Xbox 360 focuses on opening an alternate reality game title selections primarily in the USA and the Microsoft Corporation primary focus is to split resources for products exposure in U. K. for the marketing strategy. The focus on the U. K. is mainly due to the reported sales that have slowed due to the onset of the Nintendo Wii product launch that counteracts Microsoft Corporation approach (Xbox. com, 2008). Therefore, the Microsoft Corporation strategy is to penetrate the domestic and global markets with advance visual impact technology by presenting the product on an online community’s websites. The Xbox brand identity has grown in the internatinal markets over the years along with association to the British and American public; therefore, the brand identity provides an advantage in securing the brand equity compared to Sony PlayStation and Nintendo Wii. However, the Xbox marketing strategy for the product concentrates on the adaptability and brand loyalty in the United States the on going approach is to strenghten itself in U. K. and international markets. The measure implemented by toys and games companies such as Microsoft Corporation Xbox, Nintendo, and other corresponding companies provides the necessity of the concept for consumers to utilize the products in a different way rather than an ordinary way (Nintendo. com, 2008:3). The toys and game technology strategy is to provide more attractive software adaptability with creative tools to play the video game to solidify the consumer base. The product offers the technical capabilities on the online marketing to solidify the target market population for infusing the product’s brand equity. The 3 most Opportunities and 3 most Threats Identified The three most opportunity for the toy and game industry is the companies sources of information on demographics, distribution to international markets from economic scale, and the market is susceptible to â€Å"crazes† that boost volume sales for a specific item. These benefits of using demographic segmentation for targeting a children population audience is the increase of the share of the customer in the market, high customer equity, and brand equity that provides continued growth for business operations. The building of profitable relationships with them is the foundation of marketing management (Mantel, Mereidith, Shafer, and Sutton, 2008:11). The formula for the marketing management agenda is the philosophy for a design plan that empowers the brand idenitiy through effective customer-driven marketing strategy (Thill and Bovee, 2007:88). The opportunity creates a vast trend towards a specific product item that at times transcends the available spendable household income that truly boost sales. Therefore, the ability to change efforts to finding, attracting, and growing the target demographic from younger children to slightly older children proves beneficial by superior customer value (Kotter, 1996:1) The identified three threats are children getting older creating a shorter product shelf life, many products are global but ignoring local markets, and toys and games company has to compete with for consumer expenditures during high buying season i. e. Christmas. Therefore, the pursuit to successfully utilize the RD data to formulate products that adapts to growing children to reduce shelf-life, however, companies that do not invest accordlying in RD lose a significant share in the demographic segmentation (Saunders, 2007:55). The focus effort required to balancing the marketing strategy not just globally but locally provides a strong hold on the brand loyalist to further brand equity. Respectively, the measure to acquire toy and game brand influence both globally and locally markets requires the needed information to segments of the targeted demographics to when to effectively market during low periods of household spending. Therefore, the methods to achieving and managing the toy and game company brand identity to established a â€Å"familiarity† from the customer base that produces product superiority through brand value proposition. References 30 Key Note (2007) The Key Note Report 2007 21st Edition, Edited by James Manley, Retreived December 23, 2008, Published date May 2007 Emeraldinsight. com (2008) The Emerald Insight Review, Retrieved December 22, 2008, from http://www. emeraldinsight. com ASA. org (2008) The Advertising Standards Authority, Retrieved December 28, 2008, from www. asa. org. uk Carol. co. uk (2008) Annual Report Online, Retrieved December 26, 2008, from http://www. carol. co. uk Chitty, W. Barker, N. Shimp, T. A. (2005). Integrated Marketing Communications. Melbourne: Nelson. Pelsmacker, Patrick (2006) Marketing Communications: A European Perspective. Financial Times/ Prentice Hall; 3 edition Porter, Michael (2004) Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Free Press; New Ed edition Saunders, Mark (2007) Research Methods for Business Students. Financial Times/ Prentice Hall; 4 edition Schein, Edgar (2004) Organizational Culture and Leadership. Jossey Bass; 3rd Edition Baye, Michael R. , (2009) Managerial Economics and Business Strategy Fifth Edition, Retrieved from August 2, 2008, McGraw-Hill / Irwin, Boston, MA Bryman, Alan, (2007) Business Research Methods. Oxford University Press; 2Rev Ed edition Burnes, Bernard, (2004) Managing Change: A Strategic Approach to Organizational Dynamics. Financial Times/ Prentice Hall; 4 edition Cameron, Ester, (2004) Making Sense of Change Management: A Complete Guide to the Models, Tools and Techniques of Organizational Change. Kogan Page Ltd PlayStation. com (2008) The Official Website of Sony PlayStation, Retrieved from July 27, 2008, from http://www. playstation. com Nintendo. com (2008) The Official Website of Nintendo, Retrieved from July 25, 2008, from http://www. nintendo. com USA Today, (2005) Tech Gaming, Retrieved from July 29, 2008, from http://www. usatoday. com/tech/gaming/2005-11-21-xbox-rivals_x. htm Sony Boasts PlayStation, (2008) The PlayStation Boasts Sales, Retrieved, from July 30, 2008, from http://www. joystiq. com/2008/01/06/sony-boasts-playstation-holiday-sales-numbers/ Xbox, (2008) The Official Website of Xbox, Retrieved from July 26, 2008, from http://www. xbox. com Armstrong, Gary, Kotler, Philip, (2007). Marketing: An Introduction, 8th Edition. Pearson, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Wild, John J. , Wild, Kenneth L. , Han, Jerry C. Y. , (2006). International Business, The Challenges of Globalization Williams, Meri (2008) The Principles of Project Management, SitePoint Incorporated Fleming, Quentin Koppelman, Joel (2006) Earned Value Project Management, 3rd Edition, Project Management Institute Bowen, R. Brayton, (2000). Recognizing Rewarding Employees. Journal of McGraw-Hill Professional Book Group. 2(3) 140-141 Kelly, Joe, (1998). Existential-Systems Approach to Managing Organizations. Journal of Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. 1(3) 122-125 Shermerhorn, John, (2008). Organizational Behavior. Wiley, 10 Edition Cooper, Dale, Grey, Stephen, Raymond, G, and Walker, (2005) Managing Risk in Large Projects and Complex Procurements Mantel, Samuel J. Jr. Meredith, Jack R. Shafer, Scott M. Sutton, Margaret M. (2008) Project Management in Practice, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Publishing Kotter, John (1996) Leading Change. Harvard Business School Press Thill, John V. and Bovee, Courtland L. (2007) Excellence in Business Communication, Seventh Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey

Physics of Cooling Lava :: physics lava volcano

On January 23rd 1973 a new volcano unexpectedly erupted in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago, southwest of Iceland. The new volcano was a fissure 1.25 miles long and only 1100 yards from the center of town, also named Vestmannaeyjar. The new volcano was named Heimaey. The town was mostly evacuated over the next few days and the lava slowly flowed towards town and the mouth of the harbor for the next seven months. Vestmannaeyjar is the only good harbour in that part of Iceland, and was the base for a large fishing fleet that produces a significant part of Iceland’s GNP. As the lava threatened to overrun the town and close off the harbor, a decision was made to try to slow and divert the lava by cooling it with sea water. The idea was initially scoffed at, but when small initial efforts seemed to have an effect the scale of the operation was increased. Over seven months eight million cubic yards of sea water were pumped onto the lava flow; they cooled 5 million cubic yards of basal t lava to solid rock. The harbor and much of the town survived the eruption, likely as a result of the efforts to cool the lava. Iceland is known for its volcanic activity. A few years before Heimaey erupted; a nearby sub oceanic eruption formed the new island of Surtsey. The town of Vestmannaeyjar already had an extinct volcano on its outskirts, the volcano was known as Helgafell. It was thought to have been extinct for several hundred years. In January 1973 a new fissure opened up a few hundred yards from the extinct volcano. It went clear across the island and into the ocean on both sides. Boats escaping the harbor saw red magma under the water, and sub oceanic power and water lines from the mainland were broken by the eruption. In the initial eruption a curtain of lava 500 feet erupted from the fissure, after a few days the eruption was mostly from a single vent, with a cinder cone 300 feet tall. The lava flows from the eruption were a viscous slow moving basaltic magma. Average speeds for the lava flows were 3 to 9 yards a day. These relatively slow speeds are what made it possible to try and cool and div ert the lava. The lava was initially cooled with fire pumps and hoses, later in the effort large pumps were leased from the US military and several fire fighting boats were used.